سیاہ مادے کے بغیر کہکشائیں

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ماہرین فلکیات نے ایک نئی تحقیق میں اس بات کی تصدیق کی ہے کہ کچھ کہکشائیں ایسی بھی ہیں جہاں سیاہ مادہ نہیں پایا جاتا وکی پیڈیا کے مطابق ‘سیاہ مادہ کہکشاؤں میں موجود ایسا مادہ ہوتا ہے جو نہ روشنی منعکس کرتا ہے، نہ کسی اور قسم کی توانائی، مگر یہ کہکشاؤں میں موجود ہے تبھی کہکشائیں اپنی موجودہ شکل میں موجود ہیں۔ کسی بھی مادّہ یا چیز کو دیکھنے کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ چیز روشنی کا اخراج کرے یا پھر اس روشنی کو جذب کرے۔اگر کوئی چیز روشنی کا اخراج کریگی تو وہ چیز ہمیں رنگین نظر آئیگی یا وہ روشنی کو جذب کریگی تو وہ چیز ہمیں سیاہ نظر آئیگی۔ لیکن ان تمام عوامل میں ڈارک میٹر یعنی کے سیاہ مادہ ایسا کچھ بھی نہیں کرتا ہاں البتہ وہ کشش ثقل کی ایک بڑی مقدار فراہم ضرور کرتا ہے۔یہ مادّہ پوشیدہ ہے۔کشش ثقل فراہم کرنے کی بنیاد پر ڈارک میٹر یعنی کے سیاہ مادہ مختلف کہکشاؤں کو متواتر رکھے ہوئے ہیں۔ اس دنیا اور کائنات میں جو چیز بھی ہم دیکھتے ہیں خواہ وہ ایٹم کے ذرات سے لے کر اس کائنات میں کہکشائیں، سورج، چاند اور ستارے سب ملا کر محض چار سے پانچ فیصد بنتا ہے۔بقایا 71 فیصد ڈارک انرجی اور بیس سے زائد فیصد ڈارک میٹر یعنی کہ سیاہ مادّہ پر پھیلا ہوا ہے۔جسے ہم نہیں دیکھ سکتے۔ ڈارک میٹر یعنی کے سیاہ مادہ کا اس وقت پتا چلا جب پروفیسر فرٹز وکی قومہ کلسٹر کہکشاں کا مشاہدہ ک رہے تھے۔مشاہدہ کے دوران انہوں نے یہ پایا کے ان کہکشاؤں کی حرکت بہت زیادہ تھی یعنی کے یہ کہکشائیں اتنی تیز حرکت کررہی تھی کے ان کے بس میں اتنی تیز حرکت کرنا نہ تھا یعنی کے کوئی ایسا مادّہ موجود تھا جو ان کہکشاؤں کو حرکت کرنے میں مدد دے رہا تھا۔لیکن دیکھنے میں کچھ بھی نظر نہ آتا تو سائنس دانوں نے اس میٹر یعنی مادّے کا نام ڈارک میٹر تجویز کیا۔اور اس طرح ڈارک میٹر لیکر پہلا نظریہ سامنے آیا۔ ڈارک میٹر کی گریوٹی کو معلوم کیا جا سکتا ہے کیوں کہ اس کی گریوٹی کی وجہ سے گریویٹیشنل لنزینگ ہوتی ہے اور ڈارک میٹر کی ہی وجہ سے کئی کہکشاؤں کی رفتار بھی متاثر ہوتی ہے۔ ڈارک میٹر ہی وہ واحد میٹر ہے جو آپس میں ٹکراتا نہیں بلکہ ایک دوسرے میں سے پاس کرجاتا ہے۔اور یہی ڈارک میٹر کائنات میں ہر جگہ موجود ہے حتٰی کہ ہمارے آس پاس بھی’۔

یالے یونیوسٹی  امریکہ کی ماہرین فلکیات کی ایک ٹیم اپنی اس دریافت پر مزید کام کر رہے ہیں جس میں انہوں نے ایک ایسی کہکشان کو دریافت کیا جو کم و بیش ڈارک میٹر کے بغیر ہے۔ انیس سو اٹھارہ میں ان ماہرین نے اپنی سٹڈی چھاپی ایک کہکشان این جی سی (1052) ڈی ایف 2 کے متعلق چھاپی تھی جس کے مطابق دارک میٹر اس کہکشان میں بہت معمولی پیمانے میں موجود ہے یا سرے سے ہے ہی نہیں۔ کہکشان کے ستارے اس رفتار سے حرکت میں ہیں جو کسی نارمل مادے کی رفتار جتنی ہے جبکہ ان ماہرین کے مطابق اگر اس کہکشان میں ڈارک میٹر ہوتا تو اس کے ستاروں کی رفتار کہیں زیادہ ہوتی۔ اس تحقیق نے ایسی بہت سی تھیوریوں کی بھی نفی کر دی کہ ڈارک میٹر مادہ نہیں ہے بلکہ گریوٹی کے قوانین کا مظہر ہے۔ کسی چیز کو ڈارک میٹر کے بغیر ڈھونڈنا ایک ایسا عمل تھا جس کی پہلے کوئی مثال نہ تھی اور اس تحقیق کی وجہ سے سائنسی حلقوں میں ایک نئی بحث چھڑ گئی۔ اب ان ماہرین نے ایک دوسری کہکشان بھی دریافت کر لی ہے جہاں ڈارک میٹر موجود نہیں ہے اور اس کہکشان کو انہوں نے ڈی ایف فور کا نام دیا ہے ماہرین کا کہنا ہے کہ دوسری کہکشان کے ملنے سے اس بات کی امید پیدا ہو گئی ہے کہ ایسی مزید کہکشائیں ڈھونڈی جا سکتی ہیں ان کا کہنا ہے کہ اگرچہ ہمیں نہیں پتہ کہ کیسے یہ کہکشائیں وجود میں آئی ہیں لیکن ان کی دریافت اور بہت سے سائنسدانوں کو اس معمہ کو حل کرنے کی طرف متوجہ کرائیں گی یہ کہکشائیں دودھیائی کہکشاوں سے سو سے ایک ہزار گنا کم ستاروں والی کہکشائیں ہیں اس لئے انہیں ڈھونڈنا کوئی آسان کام نہیں ہے

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